8/26/2023 0 Comments Contextual pdf searchOne goal of the present study is to examine the degree to which target relocation is tolerated in contextual-cueing. ![]() However, previous studies have not systematically manipulated the displacement of a target's location from the previously learned target location, so they do not inform us about the precision of the target-related contextual memory. ![]() On the other hand, contextual-cueing is eliminated when the target location is shuffled with distractor locations, even when the global configuration is preserved ( Chun & Jiang, 1998 Oliva et al., 2004 Wolfe et al., 2000). For example, contextual-cueing is found when the search display is spatially shifted or resized ( Jiang & Wagner, 2004), or when only a subset of distractor locations is repeated ( Olson & Chun, 2002 Song & Jiang, 2005). On the one hand, distortions to the distractor locations are well tolerated as long as the target's relative location in the configuration is preserved. The degree to which contextual-cueing can tolerate mismatches between the previously established memory and the current search display depends on how the mismatch is introduced. At either stage of processing, the facilitation by repeated context depends on successfully matching the current search display with the previous memory ( Logan, 1988 Song & Jiang, 2005). Once the target is located, repeated displays can further speed up search by reducing the double-checking and verification process for the target ( Kunar, Flusberg, Horowitz, & Wolfe, 2007). Prior to the detection of the target, contextual memory of the repeated display can guide visual attention toward the associated target location, resulting in faster search speeds ( Chun & Jiang, 1998 Johnson, Woodman, Braun, & Luck, 2007 Logan, 1988 Peterson & Kramer, 2001). Previous studies have shown that contextual-cueing can occur in multiple stages during search. Such facilitation is known as contextual-cueing, as the repeated search display serves as a context that cues attention to the target location ( Chun & Jiang, 1998). Search is faster (though not always more efficient) when observers search in a previously encountered display than in a new display ( Chun & Jiang, 1998), provided that the relative locations of the target and distractors have not changed since the display was last encountered ( Oliva, Wolfe, & Arsenio, 2004 Wolfe, Klempen, & Dahlen, 2000). Search speed is affected not only by perceptual characteristics of a display such as target saliency, but also by prior learning of the search environment ( Chun & Jiang, 1998 Logan, 1988). Whether it is snatching a drink from the fridge or looking for keys in an office, visual search is often conducted within a familiar environment. We conclude that target predictability is a key factor in contextual-cueing. Results revealed that contextual-cueing decreased as the target appeared farther away from its expected location, ultimately resulting in a contextual cost when the target swapped locations with a local distractor. After participants searched for a T among Ls in displays that repeated 24 times, they completed a transfer session where the target was relocated locally to a previously blank location (Experiment 1) or to an adjacent distractor location (Experiment 2). This study distinguishes associative-learning from local repetition-priming by testing whether search is directed toward a target's expected location, even when the target is relocated. ![]() However, recent findings emphasizing the importance of local context near the target have given rise to the possibility that low-level repetition priming may account for the contextual-cueing effect. According to the associative-learning account, contextual-cueing arises from associating the display configuration with the target location. Visual search is often facilitated when the search display occasionally repeats, revealing a contextual-cueing effect.
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